Sunday, December 15, 2013

10 Fakta tentang Nelson Mandela

Ramai remaja hari ini bertanyakan mengenai mendiang Nelson Mandela.  Berikut diberikan sedikit maklumat berkaitan 10 fakta mengenai beliau.



TEMPO.COPretoria - Pemimpin anti-apartheid Nelson Mandela, biasa dipanggil "Tatu" (kakek) oleh generasi muda, masih dalam kondisi kritis tapi stabil di rumah sakit. Seluruh warga Afrika Selatan mengikuti menit demi menit update berita tentang kesehatan mantan Presiden Afrika Selatan ini. Di luar tembok rumah sakit, warga berkelompok untuk memanjatkan doa bersama. 

Mengapa pria yang dicap sebagai "teroris" dan "revolusioner" oleh rezim apartheid dan menghabiskan 27 tahun hidupnya di penjara menjadi simbol perdamaian dan persamaan ras? Ini dia 10 fakta dalam perjalanan hidup Nelson Mandela yang membuatnya dicintai rakyatnya dan disegani lawan-lawan politiknya:

1. Lahir sebagai anak seorang kepala suku Afrika, Rolilahla "Nelson" Mandela tumbuh menjadi pengacara andal dan salah satu pendiri dari Kongres Nasional Afrika (ANC) yang bangkit melawan pemerintah Afrikaaner baru tahun 1948 dan kebijakanapartheid, atau segregasi rasial yang melembagakan kemiskinan dan ketidaksetaraan bagi warga  kulit hitam di Afrika Selatan.

2. Sebagai seorang aktivis politik dan seorang pria kulit hitam di bawah pemerintahan ekstrem kulit putih, Mandela bergerak di bawah tanah untuk mencegah ditangkap karena kegiatan-kegiatan anti-pemerintahnya. Ia dikenal sebagai "Black Pimpernel"--merujuk pada tokoh fiksi dalam revolusioner Perancis Scarlet Pimpernel--karena karena kemampuannya untuk menghindari polisi menggunakan penyamaran, yang disukainya mengenakan seragam sopir. 

3. Ia membentuk sayap militer ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe atau MK, pada tahun 1961 dan memimpin kampanye pengeboman terhadap target pemerintah. Ia dituduh berkhianat terhadap pemerintah Afrika Selatan, ditangkap pada tahun 1962 dan didakwa dengan sabotase dan konspirasi untuk menggulingkan pemerintah dengan kekerasan. Dia dibawa ke pengadilan bersama dengan anggota ANC dan pemimpin anti-apartheid lainnya.

4. Pada tanggal 12 Juni 1964, ia dijatuhi hukuman penjara seumur hidup dan dipenjara di Pulau Robben, 12 kilometer dari Cape Town, di lepas pantai Afrika Selatan di mana ia menghabiskan 18 tahun pertama penahanannya. Nomor penjaranya adalah 46664, yang kemudian menjadi simbol dalam kampanye untuk kebebasannya. Saat di penjara, Mandela hanya diizinkan menerima satu kunjungan setahun dengan durasi 30 menit. Dia juga diizinkan untuk menulis dan menerima hanya beberapa huruf saja. Pemerintah tidak merilis foto-foto Mandela selama bertahun-tahun di penjara sehingga hanya sedikit orang yang tahu seperti apa dirinya hingga di hari pembebasannya.

5. Selama ditahan, Mandela terserang tuberkolusis, yang menyebabkan kerusakan paru-paru. Akibatnya, dia rentan terhadap infeksi paru, seperti yang ia derita hari ini. Dia dipindahkan ke penjara lain, Pollsmoor di daratan, selama sembilan tahun terakhir dari penahanannya.

6. Sebuah kampanye internasional melobi untuk pembebasannya. Sebuah lagu Free Nelson Mandela, ditulis oleh Jerry Dammers dan dilantunkan band Inggris, AKA, menjadi "lagu kebangsaan" untuk pembebasannya.

7. Di tengah meningkatnya perselisihan sipil, pemerintah Afrika Selatan membebaskannya pada tanggal 11 Februari 1990. Mandela berjalan dari penjara dengan istrinya saat itu, Winnie, melambaikan tangan dan tersenyum. Dia kemudian berbicara kepada kerumunan sekitar 50 ribu orang, yang telah menunggu berjam-jam untuk melihatnya. Pada kesempatan itu,  Mandela mengucapkan terima kasih pada "jutaan rekan-rekan saya dan orang-orang di setiap sudut dunia yang telah berkampanye tanpa lelah untuk kebebasan saya".

8. Mandela menjadi Presiden ANC dan memimpin negosiasi dengan Presiden FW de Klerk untuk menghapuskan politikapartheid dan membangun pemilu multiras tahun 1994. Selanjutnya, ANC meraih kemenangan dalam pemilu.

9. Sebagai presiden kulit hitam pertama negaranya, Mandela membentuk Pemerintahan Persatuan Nasional untuk meredakan ketegangan etnis dan membentuk konstitusi baru yang menghapuskan rasisme. Dia melembagakan penyelidikan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan memperkenalkan kebijakan untuk mendorong kepemilikan tanah untuk kulit hitam Afrika Selatan, memerangi kemiskinan, dan menyediakan perawatan kesehatan.

10. Mandela dan de Klerk bersama-sama dianugerahi Nobel Perdamaian 1993 "karena pekerjaan mereka untuk penghentian rezim apartheid serta meletakkan dasar bagi demokrasi baru Afrika Selatan". Mandela mundur dari jabatannya pada tahun 1999. Ia mendirikan Yayasan Nelson Mandela untuk memerangi kemiskinan dan HIV/AIDS. Nelson Mandela telah menerima lebih dari 250 penghargaan internasional, termasuk Presidential Medal of Freedom dari Amerika Serikat dan Soviet Order of Lenin.

Rujukan:

http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2013/06/28/119491915/10-Fakta-tentang-Nelson-Mandela/1/0

Thursday, December 12, 2013

Nasib sekolah-sekolah bawah seliaan IM

Fate Of Brotherhood Schools In Egypt



147 Brotherhood schools to be seized by Egypt's Education Ministry

The Egyptian Ministry of Education is to replace the administrative bodies of schools belonging to the Muslim Brotherhood with members of parents' associations and selected staff. 

Ahram Online , Monday 9 Dec 2013

Egypt's Ministry of Education commenced procedures to seize the management of 147 schools belonging to the Muslim Brotherhood following a government decree to freeze the group's assets and activities.
The schools – which are located in a number of governorates including Cairo, Giza, Alexandria, Assiut and Gharbiya – will be placed under the financial and administrative supervision of the ministry, reported Al-Ahram's daily newspaper.
Another 85 schools under investigation were exempted from the move due to having multiple owners, many of whom are not Brotherhood members.
The ministry will nominate new headmasters for the 147 schools, as well as restructure their boards of directors, to replace existing members with members of parents' associations and teachers, who would receive extensive administrative training, sources told Al-Ahram.
A Cairo court ordered on 23 September the banning of all institutions belonging to the Brotherhood, those related to it or being funded by it, as well as freezing the group's capital and assets.

Wednesday, August 21, 2013

Kronologi rampasan kuasa tentera Mesir 2013

Berikut dikongsikan kronologi rampasan kuasa tentera

Jan. 25 - Feb. 11, 2011 - Egyptians stage nationwide demonstrations against nearly 30 years of Mubarak's rule. Hundreds of protesters are killed as Mubarak and his allies try to crush the uprising. 
Feb. 11 - Mubarak steps down and the military takes over. The military dissolves parliament and suspends the constitution, meeting two key demands of protesters. 
Nov. 28, 2011 - Feb 15, 2012 - Egypt holds multi-stage, weeks-long parliamentary elections. In the law-making lower house, the Muslim Brotherhood wins nearly half the seats, and ultra-conservative Salafis take another quarter. The remainder goes to liberal, independent and secular politicians. In the largely powerless upper house, Islamists take nearly 90 percent of the seats. 
May 23-24, 2012 - The first round of voting in presidential elections has a field of 13 candidates. The Brotherhood's Mohammed Morsi and Ahmed Shafiq, the last prime minister under Mubarak, emerge as the top two finishers, to face each other in a runoff. 
June 14 - The Supreme Constitutional Court orders the dissolving of the lower house of parliament. 
June 16-17 - Egyptians vote in the presidential runoff between Morsi and Shafiq. Morsi wins with 51.7 per cent of the vote. 
June 30 - Morsi takes his oath of office. 
Nov. 19 - Members of liberal parties and representatives of Egypt's churches withdraw from the 100-member assembly writing the constitution, protesting attempts by Islamists to impose their will. 
Nov. 22 - Morsi unilaterally decrees greater powers for himself, giving his decisions immunity from judicial review and barring the courts from dissolving the constituent assembly and the upper house of parliament. The move sparks days of protests. 
Dec. 4 - More than 100,000 protesters march on the presidential palace, demanding the cancellation of the referendum and the writing of a new constitution. The next day, Islamists attack an anti-Morsi sit-in, sparking street battles that leave at least 10 dead. 
Dec. 15, Dec. 22 - In the two-round referendum, Egyptians approve the constitution, with 63.8 per cent voting in favor. Turnout is low. 
Jan. 25, 2013 - Hundreds of thousands hold protests against Morsi on the two-year anniversary of the start of the revolt against Mubarak, and clashes erupt in many places. 
Feb.-March 2013 - Protests rage in Port Said and other cities for weeks, with dozens more dying in clashes. 
April 7 - A Muslim mob attacks the main cathedral of the Coptic Orthodox Church as Christians hold a funeral and protest there over four Christians killed in sectarian violence the day before. Pope Tawadros II publicly blames Morsi for failing to protect the building. 
June 30 - Millions of Egyptians demonstrate on Morsi's first anniversary in office, calling on him to step down. Eight people are killed in clashes outside the Muslim Brotherhood's Cairo headquarters. 
July 1 - Huge demonstrations continue, and Egypt's powerful military gives the president and the opposition 48 hours to resolve their disputes, or it will impose its own solution. 
July 2 - Military officials disclose main details of the army's plan if no agreement is reached: replacing Morsi with an interim administration, canceling the Islamist-based constitution and calling elections in a year. Morsi delivers a late-night speech in which he pledges to defend his legitimacy and vows not to step down. 
July 3 - Egypt's military chief announces that Morsi has been deposed, to be replaced by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court until new presidential elections. No time frame is given. Muslim Brotherhood leaders are arrested. Tens of thousands of Morsi supporters remain camped out in two mass sit-ins in Cairo's streets. 
July 4 - Supreme Constitutional Court Chief Justice Adly Mansour is sworn in as Egypt's interim president. 
July 5 - Mansour dissolves the Islamist-dominated upper house of parliament as Morsi's supporters stage mass protests demanding his return. Clashes between pro- and anti-Morsi groups in Cairo and Alexandria, and violence elsewhere leave at least 36 dead. A Brotherhood strongman, deputy head Khairat el-Shater, is arrested. 
July 8 - Egyptian soldiers open fire on pro-Morsi demonstrators in front of a military base in Cairo, killing more than 50. Each side blames the other for starting the clash near the larger of the two sit-ins, near east Cairo's Rabaah al-Adawiya mosque. Mansour puts forward a time line for amending the constitution and electing a new president and parliament by mid-February. The Brotherhood refuses to participate in the process. 
July 9 - Mansour appoints economist Hazem el-Beblawi as prime minister and opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei as vice president. A military announcement backs up the appointments. 
July 26 - Millions pour into the streets of Egypt after a call by the country's military chief for protesters to give him a mandate to stop 'potential terrorism' by supporters of Morsi. Five people are killed in clashes. Prosecutors announce Morsi is under investigation for a host of allegations including murder and conspiracy with the Palestinian militant group Hamas. 
July 27 - Security forces and armed men in civilian clothes clash with Morsi supporters outside the larger of the two major sit-ins in Cairo, killing at least 80 people. 
July 30 - The EU's top diplomat Catherine Ashton holds a two-hour meeting with detained Morsi at an undisclosed location. She is one of a number of international envoys, including U.S. senators John McCain and Lindsey Graham, to visit Egypt to attempt to resolve the crisis. 
Aug. 11 - Egyptian security forces announce that they will besiege the two sit-ins within 24 hours to bar people from entering. 
Aug. 14 - Riot police backed by armored vehicles and bulldozers clear two sprawling encampments of supporters of ousted President Mohammed Morsi, sparking clashes that kill at least 638 people. The presidency declares a monthlong state of emergency across the nation as Vice President Mohamed ElBaradei resigns in protest over the assaults. 
Aug. 15 - The Interior Ministry authorises police to use deadly force against protesters targeting police and state institutions after Islamists torch government buildings, churches and police stations in retaliation against the crackdown on their encampments. 
Aug. 16 - Heavy gunfire rings out throughout Cairo as tens of thousands of Muslim Brotherhood supporters clash with armed vigilantes in the fiercest street battles to engulf the capital since the country's Arab Spring uprising. The clashes kill 173 people nationwide, including police officers. 
Aug. 17 -Egyptian authorities announce they are considering disbanding the Muslim Brotherhood group. Meanwhile, security forces raid a mosque in Cairo where protesters supporting the nation's ousted president had been barricaded inside. 
Aug. 18 - Egyptian police fire tear gas in an attempt to free a guard from rioting detainees, killing at least 36. Earlier in the evening, the country's military leader vowed to tolerate no more violence. Authorities also raided the homes of Brotherhood members in an apparent attempt to disrupt the group ahead of mass rallies they had planned. A government tally says the death toll for four days of unrest across the country had risen to nearly 900 people killed. 
Aug. 19 - Egyptian judiciary officials say Mubarak could be freed from custody, on the same day security officials said suspected Islamic militants killed 25 off-duty policemen in the northern Sinai Peninsula.
Aug. 20 - Mohammed Badie, spiritual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, seized at apartment close to the site of the group's massive sit-in protests which were violently dispersed last week


Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2397814/Muslim-Brotherhoods-supreme-leader-Mohammed-Badie-captured-Cairo-Egypt-buries-25-policeman.html#ixzz2cbtuvsKH 
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